What is a PCB trace antenna? What is it used for?
You may not realize it, but you likely use devices containing PCB trace antennas daily. These small yet powerful antennas have revolutionized the way we communicate wirelessly. In this article, We’ll explain what PCB trace antennas are and what they are used for. We’ll also broach their advantages and disadvantages compared to other types of antennas.
But first, let’s talk about what a PCB trace antenna is. A PCB trace antenna is a kind of antenna printed onto a printed circuit board (PCB). This type of antenna can be designed to be miniaturized, making it the most suitably sized for compact electronic devices. Just like your mobile phone.
Applications of PCB Trace Antennas
Applications of PCB trace antennas in modern electronics
One of the most common applications of PCB trace antennas is in wireless communication devices such as (obviously) the smartphone, tablets, and laptops. These devices use PCB trace antennas to transmit and receive wireless signals. Other applications include GPS (navigation) devices, radio transmitters, and remote controls.
Advantages and disadvantages of using PCB trace antennas
The main advantage of this product is its small size, which makes it easy to integrate into compact electronic devices. The antennas are also cost-effective and can be manufactured in high volumes. Lastly, these pieces are lightweight, making them ideal for portable devices.
But, there are also some disadvantages when PCB trace antennas are used. One disadvantage is their limited range compared to other types of antennas. They have a lower gain, so they can’t transmit signals over long distances. PCB trace antennas can also be affected by interference from other electronic devices.
Power of Conductive Traces
How does a PCB trace antenna work?
So, how do they work? The short answer is conductive traces. These are traces put on the PCB, so that the whole thing will resonate at a specific frequency. The end effect? The antenna transmits and receives wireless signals.
Let’s compare PCB trace antennas to other types of antennas…
PCB trace antennas have weaker signals than other antennas, such as dipole and monopole antennas. They are also quite limited range. However, the antennas make up for it because they’re more cost-effective. In this way, they are the best for compact electronic devices, which have a short usage lifespan.
PCB trace antenna design considerations
For the most excellent performance, there are a few important design factors you should keep in mind if you plan to use a PCB trace antenna in your design:
Design matters for PCB trace antennas
Frequency: The frequency of your signal will determine the length and width of your PCB trace antenna. Make sure to choose the correct dimensions to match your desired frequency range.
Impedance: Your PCB trace antenna must match the impedance of your transmitter or receiver to minimize signal loss.
Ground Plane: Your PCB trace antenna requires a ground plane to function properly. Make sure to design a sufficient ground plane that covers the entire area under the antenna.
Pattern of Radiation: Consider the direction and shape of the radiation pattern you want to achieve. This will affect the placement and shape of your PCB trace antenna.
What materials are used for PCB trace antennas?
PCB trace antennas are typically made from copper, else, other conductive metals. The substrate material used for the PCB can also affect antenna performance. Common materials used for PCB substrates include FR-4, Rogers (such as Rogers 6002 and Rogers 3203), and ceramic.
The video below tells you how to use the materials we’ve described…and more.
Tips for designing your own PCB trace antenna:
Here’s some advice for creating a PCB trace antenna; hoping it will be useful for your DIY project.
- Simulate your design: Before finalizing your PCB trace antenna design, use simulation software to verify its performance and optimize its parameters.
- Test and iterate: Once you have manufactured your PCB, test the antenna’s performance in real-world conditions and make adjustments as necessary.
- Extraneous factors: The performance of your PCB trace antenna may be impacted by nearby components, electromagnetic interference, and other outside variables. Make sure to test and optimize your design under real-world conditions.
How You Can Optimize a PCB Trace Antenna for Specific Frequencies
Optimize your antenna for the specific frequency or frequencies you want it to operate at. Here’s how:
Length and width: The trace’s measurements will sum up the resonant frequency of the antenna. Longer traces will resonate at lower frequencies, while wider traces will resonate at higher frequencies.
Matching Network: A matching network can ensure the antenna is properly matched to the transmission line and source impedance. This will help to maximize power transfer and minimize reflections.
Ground Plane: The ground plane beneath the trace can have an effect on the antenna’s performance. A larger ground plane generally results in better radiation efficiency and lower losses.
How the PCB layout affects performance
The layout of the PCB can also influence the performance of the trace antenna.
One important factor is the length and width of the trace, which affects the antenna’s resonant frequency. The trace should be the correct size for the desired frequency.
Another design consideration is the proximity of the trace to other components on the PCB. This proximity can affect the antenna’s performance. Keep the trace as far away from other components as possible to minimize interference.
The ground plane beneath the trace is another critical design consideration for the antenna’s performance. The ground plane must be large enough and free from any defects or interruptions that could interfere with the antenna’s signal.
If you pay attention to these design considerations, you’ll increase the performance of your PCB trace antenna.
Variants of PCB Trace Antenna
The many types of PCB Trace Antennas explained
When it comes to PCB trace antennas, there are several different types that you can choose from depending on your needs. Here’s our comprehensive list:
Microstrip, Inverted-F, and Meander Line PCB Trace Antennas
- Microstrip antenna: composed of a thin trace printed onto the PCB
- Inverted-F antenna: its vertical section is added to the trace, in order to increase its effective length
- Meander line antenna: more complex, with the trace arranged in a zigzag pattern—increasing its length further
Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA)
- Consists of a flat, rectangular plate printed onto the PCB
- Shorting pin connects the plate to the ground plane
- Often used in smartphones and other small devices due to their compact size and high performance
Dipole and Monopole Antennas
- A dipole antenna consists of two parallel traces
- Meanwhile, a monopole antenna has a single trace and uses the ground plane as the other half of the antenna
- Both are used in applications where higher gain is needed, such as Wi-Fi routers and other wireless devices.
Patch Antennas
- They use a metal patch on a ground plane to create an electromagnetic wave.
- They are compact and easy to integrate into electronic devices.
- They can be designed for a wide range of frequencies and are commonly used wireless communication.
- They are also used in radio astronomy and radar systems.
Printed Ceramic Antennas
- They are made by printing a metal pattern on a ceramic substrate.
- Provides excellent electrical properties and mechanical strength
- Can be deployed for a wide range of frequencies; are commonly used in mobile devices, IoT devices, and automotive applications.
- They are used in harsh environments because they’re able to withstand extreme temperatures and moisture.
There you go! We’ve summarized the different types of PCB trace antennas for you to choose from. We also put in their advantages and disadvantages. Hopefully, you can select the best antenna for your specific needs now.
Factors Affecting Performance
Factors that affect the performance of PCB trace antennas
There are several variables that can alter signal strength and quality. Designing them requires a thorough understanding of these elements. In this section, we’ll get around some of the important elements that affect performance.
Factor 1: The antenna’s environment
The place where the antenna is located can significantly impact its performance. For example, if the antenna is in an area with much interference, its signal strength may be affected. Similarly, suppose the antenna is located in an area with many obstacles, such as walls or other structures. In that case, its performance may also be impacted.
Factor 2: The ground plane (again!)
It’s located beneath the antenna and plays a factor in its performance. If the ground plane is too small, it can cause signal distortion and reduce the antenna’s efficiency. It’s also important that the ground plane is free from defects or interruptions, as these can also affect the antenna’s performance.
Factor 3: What PCB material was used, and its thickness?
The material and how thick it is affects the performance because of dielectrics. (The dielectric constant of the material impacts the impedance of the antenna) Different materials can have different electrical loss characteristics too. The thickness of the PCB affects the resonant frequency of the antenna. Lastly, the trace must be the correct length and width for the desired frequency!
Factor 4: The Size and Shape Counts
The dimensions of a PCB trace antenna can significantly impact its performance. Generally, the larger the antenna, the better its performance. However, larger antennas are used in small devices (they don’t fit!) The shape of the antenna can also affect its performance, with certain shapes being better suited for specific frequency ranges. For example, a rectangular shape may be ideal for lower frequencies. Meanwhile, a circular shape may be better suited for higher frequencies.
Factor 5: Antenna Placement
You should consider the location of other components on the PCB that may cause interference or block the antenna’s signal. Additionally, the orientation of the antenna can also affect its performance. For example, placing the antenna perpendicular to the PCB can improve its performance. If you set it parallel to the PCB, it can decrease performance. Proper antenna placement is essential for maximizing the antenna’s performance and minimizing interference.
That’s it. Now, let’s proceed to the next section…
Simulation and Testing
PCB trace antenna simulation and testing techniques
Simulation and testing techniques are crucial for getting the best out of your antennae. Here are the common methods used in the industry.
How to use simulation software to optimize antenna performance
Simulation software is widely used to simulate and optimize the performance of PCB trace antennas. You can use software such as CST Microwave Studio, Ansys HFSS, or FEKO to simulate the electromagnetic behavior of antennas. The simulation software can help you optimize the antenna’s size, shape, and placement on the PCB. It can also help you determine the best feed point location and impedance-matching network for the antenna.
Common simulation and testing techniques used for PCB trace antennas
The most oft used simulation and testing techniques used for PCB trace antennas include:
- S-parameter measurement: S-parameters are used to characterize the behavior of the antenna over a range of frequencies.
- Near-field measurements: They provide valuable information about the antenna’s radiation pattern and gain.
- Far-field measurement: These evaluate the antenna’s performance in free space.
- Antenna impedance measurement: Generally are used to determine the best matching network for the antenna.
Comparison of simulation results with actual testing results
Looking at different simulation results versus actual testing results helps validate the accuracy of the simulation. You can use test equipment such as vector network analyzers, anechoic chambers, and oscilloscopes to measure the antenna’s performance. The comparison can help you identify discrepancies between the simulation and actual testing results and optimize the design accordingly.
Key metrics used to evaluate PCB trace antenna performance
What KPIs are used to assess PCB trace antenna performance?
- Return loss: The amount of power the antenna reflects due to impedance mismatch.
- Radiation pattern: The pattern of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the antenna.
- Gain: The amount of energy the antenna radiates in a specific direction compared to an ideal isotropic radiator.
- Efficiency: The ratio of radiated power to total input power.
- Bandwidth: The range of frequencies over which the antenna performs well.
In sum, supercharging the PCB trace antennas’ performance requires simulation software and testing techniques. Comparing simulation results with actual testing results is necessary to validate the accuracy of the simulation. Key metrics such as return loss, radiation pattern, gain, efficiency, and bandwidth are used to evaluate the antenna’s performance.
Best-known applications of PCB trace antennas
PCB trace antennas have a wide range of applications due to their compact size, ease of integration, and high performance. Here are well-known applications:
Wireless communication systems
PCB trace antennas are widely used in wireless communication systems, such as Wi-Fi routers, Bluetooth devices, and mobile phones/ cellular phones/ smartphones. These antennas allow devices to send and receive signals wirelessly, enabling seamless communication over a range of distances.
IoT & Smart devices
Internet of Things (IoT) devices rely on wireless communication to function. PCB trace antennas are commonly used in IoT devices such as smart thermostats, security systems, and home automation systems. These devices require small, low-power antennas that can operate in many kinds of environments.
Wireless Communication
GPS and navigation systems
Your car navi and GPS systems rely on accurate positioning data to function. PCB trace antennas are often used in GPS and navigation systems to receive and transmit signals. These antennas need to be designed to operate at specific frequencies. They must have high gain to ensure accurate data transfer.
Medical instruments for home and hospital use
Clinical devices such as implantable pacemakers and remote patient monitoring systems require wireless communication to function properly. The antennas are often used in these devices due to their small size and ability to operate in a range of environments.
Emerging applications of PCB trace antennas
PCB trace antennas are increasingly used in emerging applications such as autonomous vehicles, virtual reality headsets, and drones. These applications require small, lightweight antennas. They facilitate high-speed data transfer.
PCB trace antennas are an essential component in various electronic devices everybody uses. To assure yourself that your devices function properly and don’t fail, it’s important to carefully consider the specific requirements of your system when selecting an antenna. Remember that the right antenna can make all the difference in the performance of your device, so take the time to choose the best one for your needs.
Future developments in PCB trace antenna technology
PCB trace antenna technology has been advancing rapidly in recent years. What with new materials, manufacturing techniques, and wireless communication standards driving innovation in the field? Here are some of the main developments that are going to happen in the nearest future:
Up-and-coming R&D in PCB trace antennas
Researchers are constantly looking for ways to max out the performance and efficiency of antennas. Some of the current research areas include developing new antenna designs that can operate over a wider frequency range, improving the durability and reliability of antennas, and developing new manufacturing techniques that can reduce costs and increase efficiency.
Trending advancements in PCB trace antenna materials and manufacturing techniques
As new materials and manufacturing techniques are developed, PCB trace antennas will likely become more compact, efficient, and reliable. For example, researchers are exploring new materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes, which could enable the development of lighter, more flexible, and easier-to-manufacture antennas.
Evolution with the development of new wireless communication standards
As new wireless communication standards such as 6G and Wi-Fi 6 are introduced, PCB trace antennas must evolve. This includes developing new antenna designs that can operate at higher frequencies or using new materials that can handle the higher power requirements of these new standards.
Cutting-edge applications for PCB trace antennas
Emergent tech—the list goes on to include autonomous vehicles, connected homes, AI-powered gadgets, and smart devices. There will be an increasing demand for high-performance, reliable wireless communication systems for sure. PCB trace antennas are likely to play a key role in these systems, providing the necessary connectivity for devices and techniques to communicate with each other.
Connected World with Antennas
The role of PCB trace antennas in a Connected World
IoT, Digital Twins, Machine Learning, and AI are rapidly expanding. This comes with an ever-growing number of connected devices and systems. PCB trace antennas are a crucial component of many of these systems. They provide wireless connectivity that allows devices to communicate with each other and the cloud. As the IoT continues to evolve, PCB trace antennas must become even more efficient and reliable to meet the needs.
As PCB trace antenna technology continues to evolve and advance, choosing a reputable PCB manufacturer for your trace antenna design is important. By working with a trusted manufacturer, you can ensure that your design is fabricated using the latest materials and manufacturing techniques and meets the latest wireless communication standards requirements. This can guarantee that your antenna functions properly and meets the needs of your specific application, both now and in the future.
Choosing a Reputable PCB Manufacturer for Your Trace Antenna Design
When creating a custom PCB trace antenna design, working with a reputable manufacturer ensures your design is executed accurately and reliably. PCBMay is one such manufacturer that offers a range of services to help you bring your trace antenna project to life.
With our experienced team of engineers and designers, state-of-the-art equipment, and commitment to quality, we’re ready. We’ll create a trace antenna that meets your unique requirements and exceeds your expectations.
From prototyping to production, we’ll guide you through every step of the process and help you achieve the best possible results. Call us now!