Introduction
One of the key decisions when designing and manufacturing electronic devices is choosing between rigid printed circuit boards and flexible PCBs.
While both types of PCBs serve the same purpose of connecting electronic components, they differ in terms of their physical properties and the applications they are best suited for.
In this blog, we’ll explore the differences between rigid and flexible PCBs and guide how to choose the best option for your project based on factors such as form, space constraints, bending requirements, and cost.
Rigid PCB vs. Flexible PCB
Characteristics of Rigid PCB vs. Flexible PCB
When deciding between rigid printed circuit boards and flexible PCBs for your electronic device, it’s important to understand the characteristics of each option.
Rigid PCB
1. Solid
They are characterized by their solid nature, making them ideal for applications where the components need to be mounted on a stable platform.
These PCBs are made from a solid substrate, such as fiberglass, and are not designed to bend or flex.
Rigid PCBs are highly reliable and offer superior mechanical strength, which makes them suitable for applications that require a high degree of structural support and stability, such as in industrial equipment and high-performance computing devices.
2. Unbending
Unlike flexible PCBs, they are not designed to bend or flex and are made from a solid substrate material such as fiberglass or phenolic resin.
It offers superior mechanical strength and can withstand harsh environments, making them highly reliable even in demanding conditions.
Rigid PCB
Flexible PCB
1. Endures Vibration
Flexible PCBs are characterized by their ability to endure vibration and mechanical stress without damaging the circuitry.
These PCBs are designed to be flexible and bendable and are made from a thin and lightweight substrate material such as polyimide or polyester.
They can conform to non-flat surfaces and withstand repeated bending and twisting without compromising the integrity of the circuitry.
2. Foldable
Flex PCBs can be folded or bent to fit into tight spaces or conform to non-flat surfaces. Their ability to withstand repeated bending and twisting makes them highly reliable, even in high-stress applications.
3. Can Disperse Heat
These PCBs are made from a thin and lightweight substrate material such as polyimide or polyester, which allows them to dissipate heat more effectively than rigid PCBs.
Flexible PCBs are commonly used in applications such as LED lighting, power supplies, and high-speed data transmission, where heat dissipation is critical for optimal performance.
Flexible PCB
Things to Consider When Choosing Rigid PCB vs. Flexible PCB
Several factors must be considered to ensure that you select the best option for your specific application.
Shape
One factor to consider is the shape of the PCB, as rigid PCBs are typically limited to flat or planar shapes. In contrast, flexible PCBs can be designed to conform to a wide range of shapes and configurations.
Current Carrying Capacity
The current carrying directly affects the power output and overall performance of the PCB.
It is the amount of electrical current that can be safely transmitted through the PCB without causing damage or affecting the circuitry.
Rigid Reinforcing Plate / Pads
Rigid PCBs may require a reinforcing plate to provide additional support and stability, while flexible PCBs may require special pads to maintain flexibility and prevent damage.
Flexibility
Consider the overall flexibility of the PCB, as this will affect its ability to conform to non-flat surfaces and withstand mechanical stress.
Rigid PCB vs. Flexible PCB
Differences Between Rigid PCB vs. Flexible PCB
Rigid and flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) have some fundamental differences that set them apart.
Here are the characteristics and features that set them apart:
Fabrication
The fabrication process of rigid and flexible printed circuit boards differs significantly due to the differences in their physical properties.
Rigid PCBs are typically fabricated using a subtractive process, where a layer of copper is etched away from a solid substrate material to create the required circuit pattern.
In contrast, flexible PCBs are fabricated using an additive process, where conductive and non-conductive materials are laminated together to create the desired circuit pattern.
The fabrication of flexible PCBs requires specialized equipment and techniques, such as laser cutting and precision lamination, to ensure that the thin and flexible substrate material is not damaged during the process.
The design of flexible PCBs must consider the flexible material’s requirements, including the minimum bend radius and the maximum number of flex cycles that the PCB can withstand without failure.
Base Layer
The choice of base layer material depends on the specific application requirements, including factors such as the mechanical stress that the PCB will be subjected to, the level of mobility needed, and the temperature range that the PCB must operate within.
Rigid PCBs are ideal for applications where stability and durability are essential, such as in industrial control systems or automotive electronics.
Flexible PCBs are ideal for applications where space is limited or where the PCB must be able to bend or conform to a specific shape, such as in medical devices or wearable electronics.
Conductive Materials
Rigid PCBs typically use copper as the primary conductive material, which is etched away to create the required circuit pattern.
In contrast, flexible PCBs often use thin and flexible conductive materials, such as silver ink or conductive polymers, which can be printed or deposited onto the substrate to create the required circuit pattern.
Cost
Rigid PCBs are typically less expensive than flexible ones due to their simpler design and manufacturing processes.
Rigid PCBs use standardized substrate materials and can be manufactured using automated processes, which reduces production costs.
Flexible PCBs require specialized materials and manufacturing processes that are more complex and time-consuming, which increases production costs.
Durability
Rigid PCBs are generally more durable than flexible PCBs due to their solid construction and ability to withstand physical stress and environmental factors such as temperature and moisture.
Rigid PCBs are also less likely to develop cracks or fractures in the conductive materials, which can result in circuit failure.
Due to their thin and flexible design, flexible PCBs are more susceptible to physical stress and environmental factors.
They are more likely to experience wear and tear over time and may develop cracks or fractures in the conductive materials, leading to circuit failure.
The level of durability required for a specific application will depend on factors such as the operating environment, the expected lifespan of the PCB, and the level of physical stress the PCB will be subjected to.
Resistance
Rigid PCBs typically have lower resistance than flexible PCBs due to their thicker conductive traces and solid construction.
On the other hand, flexible PCBs often have higher resistance due to their thinner conductive traces and the use of flexible materials. This higher resistance can lead to signal degradation and voltage drop across the traces, which can impact the performance of the PCB.
The resistance level required for a specific application will depend on factors such as the signal frequency, the expected current flow, and the level of signal integrity required.
Weight
Rigid PCBs are typically heavier than flexible PCBs due to their solid construction and thicker conductive layers.
This added weight can make rigid PCBs less suitable for lightweight or portable applications.
Flexible PCBs are much lighter than rigid PCBs due to their thin and flexible construction.
This makes them an ideal choice for applications that require lightweight and portable devices, such as wearables and mobile devices.
Applications
Rigid PCBs are commonly used in applications that require a sturdy and stable platform, such as desktop computers, automotive electronics, and medical devices. They are also widely used in applications that require high component density and fine-pitch traces, such as microprocessors and memory modules.
Flexible PCBs, such as wearables, aerospace systems, and robotics, are commonly used in applications that require flexibility and adaptability. Also used in applications that require high-density interconnects and intricate routings, such as mobile devices and cameras.
IPC Standards for Rigid and Flexible PCBs
These are the guidelines and requirements for designing, fabricating, and assembly of rigid and flexible printed circuit boards.
1. IPC-2221A
This generic standard for printed board design provides guidelines and requirements for designing rigid and flexible printed circuit boards. This standard covers board layout, materials selection, and electrical considerations to ensure the PCB design is reliable, manufacturable, and meets the intended performance requirements.
2. IPC-2223
This sectional design standard provides guidelines and requirements specifically for the design of flexible printed circuit boards. This standard covers materials selection, electrical considerations, and bending and folding requirements to ensure the flexible PCB design is reliable, manufacturable, and meets the intended performance requirements.
3. IPC-4101
This standard defines the material’s properties and performance requirements for various base materials, including laminates, prepregs, and bonding sheets. The goal of IPC-4101 is to ensure that the base materials used in PCB fabrication meet the necessary performance and reliability requirements for the intended application.
4. IPC-4202
Provides guidelines and requirements for using flexible base dielectrics in fabricating flexible printed circuitry. This standard covers materials selection, adhesion requirements, and electrical properties.
5. IPC-4203
A standard that provides guidelines and requirements for using adhesive-coated dielectric films as cover sheets to fabricate flexible printed circuitry. This standard ensures the adhesive-coated dielectric film used as a cover sheet in PCB fabrication meets the necessary performance and reliability requirements.
6. IPC-4204
Provides guidelines and requirements for using flexible metal-clad dielectrics to fabricate flexible printed circuitry. This standard covers materials selection, electrical properties, and dimensional stability of metal-clad dielectric materials used in PCB fabrication to meet the necessary performance.
7. IPC-6013
These are the guidelines and requirements for the qualification and performance of flexible printed wiring in electronic equipment. This standard covers materials selection, design considerations, and testing requirements. The standard also includes acceptance criteria for inspecting and testing the finished product.
When to Use Rigid PCB?
They are best suited for applications requiring high mechanical stability and durability. They are used in devices subject to high levels of shock or vibration.
Rigid PCBs are also ideal for high-precision applications like medical equipment, aerospace technology, and telecommunications devices.
They are often used in applications requiring high component density, such as complex computer systems and other electronic devices.
In general, if an application requires a stable and rigid platform to support and connect components, a rigid PCB is the best choice.
Rigid PCB
When to Use Flexible PCB?
Flexible PCBs are ideal for applications that require the board to be bent, folded, or twisted. This is to fit into small or irregularly shaped spaces.
They can also withstand constant vibration. This makes them suitable for use in devices that experience a lot of movement. Applicable in wearable technology, aerospace, and automotive industries.
Flexible PCBs are also lightweight. You can say this is crucial in applications where weight is a concern.
They have better thermal and mechanical stress resistance than rigid PCBs, making them suitable for high-temperature environments.
Overall, flexible PCBs offer greater design flexibility and can be more cost-effective in certain applications. This makes them a preferred choice for many industries.
Flexible PCB
Conclusion
In conclusion, choosing between rigid and flexible PCBs depends on several factors, including design requirements, cost, and application.
Rigid PCBs are ideal for applications that require high durability, stiffness, and support for heavy components. In contrast, flexible PCBs are best suited for designs that require flexibility, portability, and space-saving.
It is essential to consider the application’s specific needs before choosing the type of PCB. Lastly, working with a reputable PCB manufacturer can help ensure the best fit for your important project.